Symptoms And Treatment Of Illness Anxiety Disorder

Even though the concept of Illness Anxiety Disorder has been around for many years, a lot has still been left undiscovered. The advancements in a treatment or the root of the cause been left full of educated guesses and backed up with very little evidence. Those who have suffered from this haven’t had much assistance with this disorder that comes with a life time of stress and anxiety. Those with Illness Anxiety Disorder are usually just seen as unreasonable and turned away by doctors or too terrified to even seek medical attention. The problem is in the excessive fear of the illness and with that just being seen as over-dramatic or a joke is part of the problem as well. Hopefully in the years to come, this mental disorder will have more answers surrounding it than questions and those in need of assistance and care will finally have access to it. Illness Anxiety Disorder: The Mental Disorder Without a Home For most people, hearing the doctor tell you that â€Å"Everything looks good† is a relief. This was just a routine checkup and the visit has just been checked from your â€Å"to do list†. This is not the case for some people, including Janet. In Janet’s eyes, the â€Å"illness† is either being ignored or the doctor simply doesn’t understand her. And this isn’t her first doctor’s visit, this is the 6th clinical visit this month. She has come to her family dozens of times to express her worry for her condition. Her family, who’s first response was to be worried, has come to theShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypochondriasis Disorder819 Words   |  4 Pages Hypochondriasis Disorder Hunter Boumans Central Louisiana Technical Community College †¢ DEFINITION- Also referred to as â€Å"Illness anxiety disorder (IAD)†, these patients are convinced they have a certain disorder or disease despite not having any symptoms or possibly having mild symptoms. They may worsen their symptoms on purpose or fabricate symptoms to exaggerate to the physician that they have the diseases (different from malingering because with this, they believe they have the disease)Read MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders1295 Words   |  6 PagesAnxiety Disorder Many people experience anxiety and nervousness from time to time, typically about a near event, something with an uncertain outcome, problem at work, or making an important decision. It is a normal human emotion and a normal part of life, however, anxiety disorders are not and they are very different. Anxiety disorders are psychiatric disorders which are very serious mental illness. People with anxiety disorders experience overwhelming and constant worry and fear. It often don’tRead MoreEssay about Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)1060 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many mental illnesses and disorders that affect millions of people lives. One such disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), typically manifests in men during the late teen years and in women during the early twenties. In the past, OCD has been difficult to diagnose, with a range of symptoms making a diagnosis more difficult. In addition, there are a variety of different therapies and treatments that can be adopted in order to alleviate the symptoms and help a patient return to a somewhatRead MoreMental Illness And Social Anxiety1715 Words   |  7 PagesPATHWAY Mental illness in social situations mainly focusing on anxiety, social anxiety, anxiety attack and panic attacks and how one may cope with the symptoms and or be relieved of these symptoms. Monitor - Predicting an attack before it even happens - preventing the attack from happening e.g. getting the individual out of the situation. If the individual is no removed from the situation or the attack is not prevented it leads into protect there should be a way to either monitor the individualRead MoreMental Illness, Schizophrenia, And Eating Disorders1380 Words   |  6 PagesLike physical illnesses, mental illness is on a scale of severity. Although more than roughly 60 million Americans have some form of a mental illness a small amount actually seek or are given treatment. The statistic most often quoted is that one in four adults and one in five children will have a mental health disorder at some point in their lives. (What is Mental Illness? n.d.). The overall stigma that comes along with a mental disorder is still one of the biggest barriers that prevents thoseRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Mental Illness1348 Words   |  6 PagesMental illness is increasingly being rec ognized as a challenge faced by many Canadians. The Mental Health Strategy for Canada estimates that ‘in any given year, one in five people in Canada experiences a mental health problem or illness’. (Bartram et al., 2012) The prevalence of mental illness is not exclusive to the Canadian population and it is estimated that these figures are rising. In 2004, the World Health Organization ranked major depression as third in terms of the overall burden of diseasesRead MoreMental Illness is not an Adjective to Describe People821 Words   |  3 PagesMental illness is the largest health problem that is generally viewed as least important or least impacting. My generation has a bad habit of using mental illnesses as adjectives; she’s so bipolar or that’s retarded. What people dont understand is that mental illness is one of the largest leading health problem in America. Mental illness is an ever growing problem that affects all types of people all across the world. In order to make others understand the gravity of mental illness we mustRead MoreCase Study Coun 6461643 Words   |  7 Pagesgrandchildren. Donald’s symptoms started approximately thirty years ago and have been increasing in severity. Documenting the critical issues, diagnostic impressions, and treatment recommendations are imperative to successfully helping the client deal with the issues and possibly minimize the risk of future relapse in recovery. Addressing the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects will help to guide the therapist through developing the most accurate treatment model for the patientRead MoreEssay Anxiety Disorders1302 Words   |  6 PagesAnxiety Disorders Anxiety is a normal reaction to stressful situations that helps in the coping process for individuals. On some occasions, anxiety may become so severe that it impairs the ability to cope and can create psychosocial impairment. High levels of anxiety that interfere with daily activities and social interaction are considered a psychiatric disorder. Anxiety disorders are treatable and can have profound effects on the psychosocial aspect of the individuals life. This paper willRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder1632 Words   |  6 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Research Paper I choose to research Generalized Anxiety Disorder for my research topic. This disorder is one of the most arguably common faced encounters clinicians deal with today. Because of this I choose to focus much of my emphasis on the difficulties one face, that’s diagnosed with GAD and the hard ship of building and maintain a good client relationship. Generalized anxiety disorder begins at the onset of a worry and or tension that carries on into more severe

Learning Can Not Be Based Off Of One Certain Type Of...

There are many learning myths in society today, many of which are incorrect and have no supporting evidence. These myths fall from learning styles to how much brain power humans use. The fallacies cause many students to fail if they feel they don’t fit into these myths. Debunking common misunderstood styles of learning will allow the learner to achieve in any subject. Learning styles, cramming, and brain usage all are common myths that are believed by many student. Learning should not be based off of one certain type of learner, or the ideal student. This provides a thought of no room for improvement if one doesn’t learn the ‘right way’, I agree we learn differently, but I believe making students all learn the same way in insufficient.†¦show more content†¦This common misconception could be harmful to students because it provides an excuse to their shortfalls instead of forcing them to adapt to their situation and becoming stronger because of it. A s it also limits students and will create a misconception in the students brain that they aren’t good enough or smart enough, just because they have a different learning style. Another common belief is that if someone waits until the last minute to study for a test, they will be under more pressure and therefore perform better. This is another misconception because cramming for a test does not actually help you retain information better. The people who believe this simply have not developed the discipline or effort to study consistently so they procrastinate until the last minute to begin their studying, which hurts them in the long run. According to Study Skills, the best solution to this is to â€Å"divide one’s study time over a period of days and weeks, so that there’s not that much to learn when it’s time for a test.† This is excellent advice that has been proven time and time again to improve test scores and performance overall. All someone must do is study efficiently and they will be able to remember enough to perform well on almost any test in any instance. Studying efficiently comes from experiencing different studying styles,Show MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1201 Words   |  5 Pages Standardized testing is all based on your performance as a student on a specific day, time and place. What it doesn’t show is how you perform on a day to day basis. These types of test can be given in any type of form that requires test takers to answer the same questions, and is then scored in a â€Å"standard† or consistent manner. Students should not have to take standardized test because of many reasons. As a human I have days where I’m tired and didn’t get enough sleep the night before or it isRead MoreBloom s Taxonomy : Taxonomy Essay2119 Words   |  9 Pageslessons with more depth and higher levels of critical thinking. This hierarchy shows how students can learn material better and retain more later. There are six levels (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation) which cover the basics of the information (knowledge) all the way to critical analysis proving or disproving theoretical situations (evaluation). This technique appears ideal for my classes – Computer Science (Java programming) – because of the intense focus onRead MoreBehind The Scenes1639 Words   |  7 Pageschairperson. I left the law school (in March 1998) and got a new job at the main campus. I worked in the School of Education, Department of Educational Administration Policy (EAP) at Howard University. I worked as the only liaison between graduate students, the department chairperson, and seven other faculty professors. At the beginning of the fall semester 1998, my boss and I exchanged educational views concerning the bountiful advantages linked to a college degree. He suggested that I seek outRead MorePhysical, Cognitive, And Social Emotional Development1340 Words   |  6 PagesTypical Physical, Cognitive, and Social-Emotional Development This group of students is quite diverse. This group of fourth grade students also exhibit diversity from their home life, culture, and socioeconomic areas. This school has over an eighty percent ration of students on free or reduced lunches. Religious diversity also plays a part in this group of children. These children break up into social groups based along these lines of diversity. Physical Development Normal physical developmentRead MoreComputer Driven Profiling Tools For Students Who Are Proficient2192 Words   |  9 Pagesthat can be used to process texts and provide the categories of textual lexis based on frequency (Cobb, 2007). To run the Vocabprofiler, one of the seven available frequency schemes has to be selected (see http://www.lextutor.ca/vp/). The chosen scheme in this paper is the BNC-COCA-25 list. It is a frequency framework, developed by Nation (2013), that combines the British National Corpus with the Corpus of Contemporary American English and reaches an adapted list of 25,000 word families. One of theRead MoreEnabling Learning and Assessment3424 Words   |  14 PagesUnit 16 Enabling Learning and Assessment Assessment offers the chance for invaluable feedback to be given to learners therefore offering an opportunity for learners to achieve progression and the ability to monitor and take control of their own learning. Assessment also offers the opportunity not only for the progression of learners but also for the progression of institutions, Ysseldake(2010) supports this argument â€Å"Assessment is a process of collecting dataRead MoreHearing Impairments And Hearing Impairment Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthat afflicts a surplus of people around the world. According to the â€Å"National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities†, â€Å"The U.S. Department of Education (2002) reports that, during the 2000-2001 school year, 70,767 students aged 6 to 21 (or 1.3% of all students with disabilities) received special education services under the category of hearing impairment†. A hearing impairment is a disability where as an individual undergoes deterioration or loss of hearing. This condition may vary fromRead MoreCurriculum, Quality and Professionalism2696 Words   |  11 Pagesthey have in the lifelong learning sector. In addition, I will explain how the course will be evaluated providing a summary of how records are currently being used. Finally, I will create an action plan highlighting development needs to the course design. Curriculum Design- Independent Living Skills The course was designed for students in the second year of college and is set over a period of 15 weeks with 2 hour sessions. The aim of this course is to provide students with the necessary life skillsRead MoreEthos in College: Non-Traditional Age Students and Younger Professors2667 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Ethos can be defined by Merriam Webster Dictionary as, â€Å"the distinguishing character, sentiment, moral nature, or guiding beliefs of a person, group, or institution.† Famous Greek philosopher and teacher Aristotle studied and taught the concept of ethos. In The Rhetoric, Aristotle identifies ethos as: †¦the character [ethos] of the speaker is a cause of persuasion when the speech is so uttered as to make him worthy of belief, for as a rule we trust men of probity more, and more quicklyRead MoreEssay about Types of Motivation3483 Words   |  14 PagesTypes of Motivation Before we can examine different theories of achieving student motivation we must understand what it is. An article from ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) pointed out an important distinction in types of motivation (1997): â€Å"Student motivation naturally has to do with students desire to participate in the learning process. But it also concerns the reasons or goals that underlie their involvement or noninvolvement in academic activities.† These two types of

IT Industry in Pakistan Essay Example For Students

IT Industry in Pakistan Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPIM undertook the preparation of this report with the conviction that Information Technology truly holds the potential to act as an enabler of economic revival and growth especially for countries like Pakistan. We are also painfully aware that Pakistan has lagged dangerously behind other regional countries in exploiting Information Technology as a catalyst for economic revival. However we feel that the explosive growth of the Internet and the coming tidal wave of E-Commerce still provide immense possibilities for Pakistan to exploit their potential and use them for accelerating its economic revival. We are also painfully conscious of the fact that the hyper speed of change in the Information Technology domain means that the IT year is equivalent to one month in conventional terms. This fact dictates that any meaningful action or decisions for the IT industry in Pakistan has to be implemented immediately. Pakistan and countries like Pakistan who are hoping to exploit the inherent potential of Information Technology must act immediately and decisively to restructure their domestic Information Technology industries to become effective role players within the global IT scenario. The luxury of long-winded debate and discussions and the formations of commissions, which will submit reports in months, will be counter productive to the spirit of any Information Technology initiatives. From these workshops a powerful feeling has emerged that any meaningful IT initiative in Pakistan will necessarily have to be a partnership between the government and its agencies on one hand and the privat e sector on the other hand. Bold, unconventional and strategically correct decisions are needed. Effective top managers with the right mix of vision and managerial competence are needed. A huge amount of financing is needed in domestic resources and foreign exchange. Above all the will to prevail will be needed, from the government of Pakistan, to chart the right course for our Information technology initiative and then stay the course in spite of the innumerable hurdles which are sure to bedevil the path to success. From PIMs perspective this report provides an insiders view of the IT industry and the problems it faces. Most importantly it also provides the insiders view to some of the major problems facing the industry and their solutions. It is hoped that this report will help the IT decision makers in tackling the problems of the IT industry. The major problems of the IT industry in Pakistan as identified by these two workshops are: Massive Brain DrainSerious shortages of high power programmers and IT professionals in needed latest technologies Inability of Pakistani firms to tap and penetrate lucrative foreign marketsCommunication infrastructure bottlenecks caused by PTCLs inability to provide the IT industry needed band-width and communication capabilities of international standard at competitive pricesLack of entrepreneurial skills and managerial know-how of IT professionalsLack of actual and practical government policies and support for industry IT industry has serious problems in securing financing and creditUnwillingness of local business managers to pay appropriate prices for locally developed software Lack of incubation and startup companiesLow computerization of the government and its departments X THE NEED FOR THE REPORTPIM developed its strategic plan (2000 2005) in January 2000. This Strategic plan was discu ssed and approved in the 30th meeting of PIMs Board of Governors held on 24th February in Karachi. In its strategic Plan PIM has predicted the explosive and exponential growth of the IT industry in Pakistan and had underscored the fact that IT could be the enabler for stimulating Pakistans economy from its present slump. Chairman PIM Board of Governors, Mr. Abu Shamim Ariff, was particularly interested in the predictions and conclusions of PIM regarding the future state of Pakistani industry and floated the idea that PIM should prepare a generalized report on the IT industry in Pakistan and it should be presented to the IT decision makers in Pakistan. He also emphasized that PIM would do well to concentrate more on the software segment of the IT industry. PIM Board of Governors enthusiastically endorsed the idea. PIM Board of Governors directed PIM to work towards the preparation of this report and to have it ready by the end of April 2000. However Chairman PIM Board of Governors later on extended the deadline to end May 2000. PIMs report on the IT Industry in Pakistan was completed in the first week of June 2000. X A NOTE ON THE METHODOLOGY USEDAfter intensive internal debate regarding the approach to follow for the preparation of this report PIM decide to follow the basic methodology which it had followed for strategic plan; the distillation of industry practitioners knowledge and wisdom. For this purpose it was decided to hold two workshops, one in Karachi and the other in Lahore, and invite IT industry leaders and professionals to participate in a controlled discussion of their industry. PIM decided to use the basic concepts of Strategic Planning and Force Field Analysis for guiding the discussions during the workshops. It was also decided to present the findings of the two workshops as they were without any recommendations from PIM. The response received to the announcements of the two workshops was overwhelming and PIM was swamped by requests for invitations. The Karachi workshop was held on the 22nd of April 2000 in the PC and was attended by 49 participants and the Lahore workshop was held on the 6th of May 2000 was attended by 35 participants. Most of the participants were chief executives or senior executives from Pakistans IT industry. Of the total participants 90% were from the private sector. The discussions were held in a very free and frank manner and it is highly commendable that all participants took a very broad macro view and there was no attempt to exploit the forum for any narrow interests. X INDUSTRY DEFINITIONThe IT industry in Pakistan is in its infancy and is struggling to play catch up with the regional and global industry. The size/turnover of the software segment of the industry is US $ 25 million in the domestic segment and US $ 15 million worth of exportThe software segment of the IT industry has about 500 players/companies. Most of these companies are one-man shows. There are a few medium to large size players who are part of Pakistani business houses. The software industry employs about 5,000 programmers / professionals. The industry is facing a serious shortage of quality technical and marketing professionals due to brain drain of high power professionals and IT trainers in the needed technologiesThe following activities are part of the IT Industry; System analysis and designDesign of hardware softwareSoftware programmingImplementationManufacturing/assembly of hardwareAfter sales serviceSystem maintenance servicesMarketing of hardware and softwareCommunication InfrastructureBand widthSwitchingISPsASPsICPs InternetE-commerceData Ware housingHuman resource managementHuman Resource training and mobilizationINFLUENCES ON IT INDUSTRY IN PAKISTANINDUSTRY MAPOPPORTUNITIES FOR THE IT INDUSTRY IN PAKISTANThe following opportunities were highlighted by the participants of the Workshop:1.Development of packaged software 2.Quality training and development of specialized human resources3.Reengineering and computerization of govt. / public se ctor and private sector organizations4.Installation of networks (LANS, WANS etc.)5.E-info6.Switch over to Urdu as a computer language7.Development of call centers8.Reorganization and growth of communications infrastructure. 9.Foreign Exchange earning potential10 Louis riel Essay Thesis X HOW CAN THE IMPACT OF THE DRIVING FORCES BE INCREASED1.Growth of world wide IT industry a)Hold regular international and national seminars to help disseminate knowledge about Global IT trendsb)Encourage IT industry players to visit foreign fairs and technology exhibitions like Comdex etc. 2.Availability of low cost educated manpowera)Launch massive IT education and training drive to further help the availability of IT professionalsb)Encourage IT education and training in urgently needed newer IT technologiesc)Initiate a system of monitoring IT education and training institutions and ensure that they are following international curriculum and standards 3.India syndrome (if India can do why cant we) is fueling growtha)Study Indian success model in IT and attempt to emulate as far as is possibleb)Encourage IT industry to follow the successful practices and trends of the Indian IT industryc)Encourage Pakistani IT firms to collaborate with Indian firms d)Identify the serious mistakes made by the Indian It industry and make sure that those mistakes are not repeated in Pakistan4.Availability of low cost inputs (pirated software unbranded hardware)a)Govt. should not sign any trade or intellectual property protocols which will make it difficult or prohibitively expensive for IT industry to buy and use IT technology and software from international firmsb)Govt. should step in and negotiate with the large global players for providing IT technology and software to Pakistan on special bulk concessional ratesc)If needed the Govt. should, through the IT Development Fund, buy IT technology and software in bulk and provide the same to the domestic IT industry at subsidized ratesd)Govt. should make serious efforts to lure global hardware and software companies to enter the Pakistani market by offering especially attractive incentives to them5.Growth of Internet E-commercea)Govt. should facilitate the growth of Internet usage and of E-commerce in Pakistan by providing all possible help in terms of infrastructure availability and the recasting of laws and regulations which are inhibiting this growth 6.Perception that industry has explosive potential for growth and profits7.Perception that IT is a high and quick return and low investment industry8.Ambition Driven S trategy of founders of IT firms9.Availability of success Role Models in international IT industry10.Good Pay Back for the right IT idea which clicks in industry11.Attraction/romance of get rich quick success stories in IT12.Low start up cost13.Low Entry barriers into industry for new comers14.Availability of low cost inputsa)Govt. Should negotiate prices of new/latest technology and software directly with global companies b)Massive investments should be made on a war footing to improve supply of IT professionals through upgrading of IT education and training. c)National IT talent hunt schemes should be launched to identify and nurture IT talentd)Institution of a special scholarship scheme for meritorious IT studentse)Launch of a special incentive package for IT professionals which could ensure that they do not automatically prefer to leave the country rather than work in Pakistanf)Reduce social and job problems faced by IT professionals15.Easy access to international market a)Set up an IT Export Board or Corporation in the private sector or allow the private sector to manage itb)Develop a strategy to create a better relations with Non Resident Pakistanis and to motivate them to help Pakistani IT firms gain a foothold in foreign marketsc)Make commercial councilors in all Pakistani missions more IT literate and educate them on how to identify IT business opportunities for Pakistani IT firmsd)Make commercial counselor more effective by improving their relationships with the Pakistani IT industry and its representative organizationse)Develop a strategy to use the capabilities of Pakistani missions for securing IT business for the Pakistani IT industryf)Appoint special IT commercial councilors in foreign countries which are large IT markets like US, Europe etc. g)Develop a marketing and promotional strategy for introducing Pakistan as a reliable IT product and service supplier and launch this drive with adequate fundingh)Identify highly respected and professional NRPs in US and European countries and ask them to become Honorary IT ambassadors for Pakistan. This could be done on a city or regional basis16.Unemployment of engineering professionals is encouraging them to move to ITa)Offer special incentives and training for engineering and science graduates to make the switch to an IT careerb)If needed offer special stipends for such professionals till they can find suitable jobsc)Set up a Web based IT placement bureau to help such graduates find jobs d)Encourage such graduates to play an entrepreneurial role by providing s eed capital and technical know-how e)Encourage IT industry to seriously tap into the potential of using such unemployed graduates 17.Good understanding of English in the society X

Shakespeare, William Hamlet Critique Essays - Characters In Hamlet

Shakespeare, William: Hamlet Critique Christine Tirman Mr. Leogrand Period 1 (January Graduate) Critique: Hamlet William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet has been one of the most controversial works of all time. There have been so many criticisms on this book and opinions on what the main theme behind the play is. Many themes have been proposed such as revenge, sex, reality and jealousy. I myself believe that there is no one theme behind Hamlet and it is a complex with work with many complex ideas behind it. I didn't realize this until I read the criticisms and saw how things I interpreted so plainly was interpreted many different ways by others who had read the play. ? Gatorade's sexuality, which is uncontrolled and powerful, is a major aspect of the play. Hamlet can not have Gertrude and this leads Hamlet to have powerful and uncontrollable feelings of maternal malevolence. It is him mothers quick remarriage to Claudius that galls Hamlet the most? (Bradly, 40) ?Frailty thy name is woman - A little month, or ere those shoes were old With which she followed my poor fathers body Like Niobe, all tears, why she, even she - O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason Would have mourned longer -married with my uncle, My fathers brother, but no more like my father Than I to hercules. Within a month, Ere yet the salt of most unrightous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets. It is not, nor it cannot come to good. But break my heart, for I must hold my tongue?. I personally think that that live has more to do with Hamlets anger with his mother for marrying so soon than with his jealousy and his own love for his mother. I had also interpreted it as saying that his mother's tears were false, or she would have mourned much longer, and not married his father's brother. ?It is a generally accepted view nowadays that Gertrude must have felt a tremendous attachment to Claudious?. (Rose, 61) ?Nor sense to ecstasy was ever so thralled But it reseved some quatity of choice To serve in such a difference? I took that to mean the opposite of what the critic was saying, that Gertrude was never really in love with Claudius. ?Hamlet does it not, Hamlet denies it. Who does it then? His madness. If't be so, Hamlet is of the faction that is wronged. ?For Hamlets ?madness? was but the reflection of the villa which he found himself surrounded, of which Claudious was the most prolific source?. ( Kitto, 87) Although most people do believe that Hamlet was crazy, I do not agree. I could understand the feeling that he felt going through the play and although he did some strange things, people do when under that type of stress. As you can see, certain statements in this play can be interpreted in many different ways. I have found reading over criticisms very interesting and it helped me see a whole new side and perspective of Hamlet and his motives. I hope that I have provided a good overview to the criticisms on Hamlet and provided some of my own views on the play.

Double Indemnity Essays - English-language Films, Film Noir

Double Indemnity If Double Indemnity is short on any aspect which defines a good film-noir, tension is certainly not one of them. Director Billy Wilder manages to keep the tension as thick as syrup through the duration of the movie, despite the fact that the audience is, from the start, already aware of the murder that has taken place, as well as the main protagonist Walter Neffs role in it and his impending doom. Wilder makes this clear, as Neff, obviously mortally wounded in the opening scene, tells the entire tale in flashback after his confession I killed Dietrichson me, Walter Neff. One of the more interesting manners in which he does this is through Neffs relationship with his friend and the firms Claim Manager Burton Keyes. The relationship between the two men is key to creating and maintaining the tension and suspense throughout the movie. While Neff was sure he knew the system inside out, well enough to be able to pull off the deed without getting caught, the only man he was afraid of was none other than Keyes, whose inner man unerringly sniffed out false claims. The most obvious device that Wilder uses between Neff and Keyes is the lighting of cigarettes/cigars. In key points throughout the film where Keyes appears to be close to cracking the case but comes up short, he always has trouble lighting up his cigar, and Neff lights it up with a wooden match. In the final scene, however, when Neff no longer has things under control, Keyes reciprocates the favor. Films and Cinema

Heart Attacks essays

Heart Attacks essays A heart attack is also known as Myocardial Infarction (M.I.). A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped. This happens when one of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle is blocked by an obstruction. This blockage can be due to a condition called atherosclerosis (a build up of fatty like substance along the wall of the artery), a blood clot or a coronary vessel spasm along with a total obstruction. If the blood supply to a portion of the heart stops, that area of the heart will no longer receive the oxygen or nutrients needed to carry out its function and will die. If it is a very small part of the heart involved, it will be able to work without it. If a large portion is damaged, irreversible damage will happen which can lead to death. Damage to the heart muscle may be so severe that it may cause abnormal heart rhythm. Most people who are of a myocardial infraction or a heart attack do so within a few hours due to this type of heart rhythm. The heart attack victim will complain of pressure, discomfort or a squeezing sensation in the center of the chest. There may be pain radiating to the arms or the neck. There may also be shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and or indigestion. The pain that occurs is the result of heart tissue schema (decreased blood supply). The area that is not receiving enough blood is literally crying out for help. When a person complains of any of the symptoms mentioned, they should be transported to the nearest hospital. The diagnosis of an M.I. is made for the patient's history, from special tests on E.C.G. and measurement of certain enzymes released into the bloodstream from damaged heart muscle. Once an M.I. has occurred and a portion of the heart muscle has died, something has to be done to prevent a piece of the obstruction from breaking off and blocking another artery somewhere else ...

Vatican II Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vatican II - Research Paper Example n.p.). The council was formed with the purpose of undertaking the review of the position of the church and its spiritual renewal in the contemporary world. It was on Oct. 11, 1962 that the most impressive improvement of the Vatican II was convened, by extending the invitation to the Orthodox Eastern and Protestant churches for sending their observers. The representatives from many churches attended these meetings. Then, the variety of cultural and national origins was another characteristic that was depicted to people who had attended the meeting from around the world (Bokenkotter, Thomas, 2005). It is not clear from the mission of Vatican II that unlike the former councils, this council was distinctive doe the reason that no new dogmas were issues, anathemas declared, nor was there any settlement for the serious profanation that prevailed during this time. The council, rather, became known ideally for its purpose of renewing the Catholic doctrine in the modern perspective and timeline. the council resulted in various institutional changes, which concluded the idea of the Catholic Church that the ultimate salvation for the humanity is brought by it alone, the revised charisma and renewing of the consecrated life, along with the ecumenical struggle towards various other religions through dialogue, and the communicative contribution of laity in many other activities of the religion (Alberigo, Giuseppe; Sherry, Matthew, 69). Besides this, the widespread use of vernacular language instead of the Latin language in Holy Mass was the most conspicuous change brought by the council, the revision of Eucharistic prayers, the disarticulation of the tabernacle of Church from central aisle, along with many other alteration including the abbreviation of the liturgical calendar, replacement of Ad Orientem by Versus Populum, and many other advanced artistic changes that enclosed the modern

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Contract law - Essay Example In the formation f contracts two elements are vital. Firstly, the "offer," an indication by one person prepared to contract with another, on certain terms, which are fixed, or capable f being fixed at the time the offer is made. Secondly, there must be an "acceptance", an unconditional assent to a definite offer.[2] These two combine to create certainty that a contract has been formed, for, as in Scammell v Ouston (1941),[3] "if an agreement is uncertain on some important issue.the courts will hold there is no contract."[4] Following this, the elements f consideration and intent provide the contract's "body and substance"[5]So, what is meant by "consideration" and "the intention to create legal relations" English law usually requires prof that the parties have made a bargain, or agreement, [6] this is known as the benefit and detriment test. (Currie v Misa (1875) [7] or "a benefit to one party or a detriment to another."[8] So, in practical terms consideration can be defined as what one party in an agreement is giving, or promising, in exchange for what is being given, or promised, by the other side. [9] This provides mutuality, making the contract enforceable. The Oxford Dictionary f Law definition states, "Consideration is essential to the validity f any contract other than one made by deed. Without consideration an agreement not made by deed is not binding; it is a nudum pactum (naked agreement) governed by the maxim ex nudo pacto non oritur action (a right f action does not arise out f a naked agreement.)"[10] English law does not rely on formalities as a way f identifying intention to create a legally binding contract. Instead it focuses on offer, acceptance and consideration. [11] If these are present, and unless rebutted by contrary evidence, courts operate on the basis f two legal presumptions, that there is no intention to be bound in domestic or social arrangements, but there is intention to be bound in commercial agreements. [12] Professor B.A.Hepple claims that there is no need f a separate requirement f intention, and that a bargain, involving mutuality is sufficient. These views are not generally accepted as it is widely agreed that identifying the parties' intentions is essential to the role f the courts when establishing if a contract was made. [13] It is useful to look at why English law has become so reliant on the consideration element f a contract, and why it has frequently been used as the "badge f enforceability,"[14] Professor Atiyah argues that "consideration" originally meant a "reason for enforcing an agreement."[15] Early forms f contract law mainly involved agreements regarding debt, covenant, or detinue ie., wrongful detention f property, and were only binding if under seal. This method, which required a degree f form such as writing or a deed, was used to prevent fraud and proved that there was an intention to create legal relations. Consideration was first used in the sixteenth century when, in order to enforce informal agreements, the law f assumsit was developed.[16] So, while that the law would, "...still not enforce merely gratuitous promises, ... the law had to develop an element that could distinguish between a proper contractual agreement, and something less that would not."[17] Due to the Law f Property Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1989, form is still required for contracts involving the sale f land. It is also used to offer consumers protection in hire purchase and consumer credit agreements. In the English Common law system, a promise is not legally binding as part f a contract except if it is made in a deed or supported by some consideration. [18] Sir Guenter Treitel Q.C.,

The Difference Between Morals and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Difference Between Morals and Ethics - Essay Example It is a systematic evaluation and reasoning of how we ought to perform depending on various contexts. As Desnoyers defines, â€Å"ethics is the body of principles that decide what behaviors are right, good, and proper.† (Desnoyers). Such attitudes do not always state a single â€Å"moral† course of action, but facilitate measures to evaluate and decide among competing options. It is all about putting these principles into action. It is a matter of honesty to observe uniformity between what we say, we value, and what our deeds say we value. Ethics motivates a person to follow certain standards or codes of behavior desired by the society in which the individual is a part. Ethics in its wider sense can be national ethics, social ethics, company ethics, or professional ethics. On the other hand, morals promote a demanding set of duties that requires a person to overcome his natural desires, in way to follow his moral law. On comparing the differences between ethics and mora ls, we find that ethics is the guidelines, for choosing proper conduct, while morality is the parameters for behavior that exist at some point of time. The ethical principles undergo very little changes while on the other hand, morality endures more changes repeatedly. Morality can be depicted as a snapshot taken of an unstable object. However, since ethics has got more essential and established principles, it is bigger than morality in its function. An example of a criminal defense lawyer may be apt to understand the terms of moral and ethics in its practical sense. The lawyer’s personal moral code may consider the murder immoral and culpable. On the other hand, the ethics demands the lawyer to defend his client as strongly as possible, even when he is aware of the fact that the accused is guilty and freeing the defendant would eventually lead to more crimes. In such case, the legal ethics as well as his professional ethics must override personal morals in order to uphold th e justice system where the accused is given a fair chance. In the same way, ethics and morals may clash at the workplace where the company ethics supersede personal morality. Corporate insatiability that often crosses its own ethical lines fastened with perverse demands on time may force employee to select from a traumatic, challenging, and unbearable work ethics considering his/her family responsibilities as moral commitment to next of kin. Ethical decision making is carried out by the logical and systematical application of one’s ethical principles and does not take place by random likelihood. An individual often feels lost at sea when facing with a situation where he needs to apply ethical principles. In a critical decision making condition, an individual can apply ethical principles by choosing a course of action. George Desnoyers brings out a set of clear rules that can be applied in advance to enhance an individual to lead an ethical life. They are; I will think before I act; will clarify and constantly review my goals. I will try to consider the consequences of my actins and omissions. I will monitor and review the results of my actions. I will be honest in all my business dealing. (Source: Desnoyers, n.d). Moral certainty can be referred to as a concept of instinctive probability, where a high degree of probability occurs that is adequate for the action but not sufficient for absolute certainty.

Democracy in Egypt

Democracy in Egypt Introduction: Democracy in Egypt In 2009, countries of the Arabian descent took to the streets in rebellion to the aristocratic leadership they have been subdued under for years. The wave of demonstrations and coup dà ©tats spread over North Africa with Egypt being among the countries that were affected. Two years later, the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was overthrown by the government through a military coup. Egyptians sought to the streets proclaiming victory over the aristocratic leader’s exit from the palace. The President was acquitted with several violations of the human rights and other atrocities under his reign. (Bukay2007) It is purported that the struggle for democracy was fostered by the Western country of the United States with the primary aim to westernize the Arabian country. Some reports indicate that the dynamo effect of the revolution was because of the consequent subsequent revolutions in other countries. Nonetheless, the question remains whether democracy will prevail in the Arabian c ountry. Considering the cultural and the media factors, will Egypt’s struggle for democracy actually bear fruit? To this effect, the purpose of the paper is to analyze sources of information on the particular topic. The main purpose of the paper is to delineate the United States involvement in the democratic struggle in Egypt with reference to Putnam’s work on the Arabian countries’ revolution. Moreover, the paper will discuss why democracy will not prevail in the country provided that the cultural, historical, religious and ideological views still held firmly in the country. The democratic revolution It is purported that the United States has been at the forefront in the struggle or the support for the revolution in the North African countries. The U.S. supports a strong, affluent and democratic Egypt that responds to the aspirations of its peoples. It believes that the outcomes of elections and the shape of Egypt’s new democracy are for the Egyptian people to decide. The U.S.’s support for the transition to civilization is aimed at aiding the citizens in building democratic institutions as well as fair processes that offer greater opportunity. Moreover, provide for accountability plus the participation in political life. However, the United States does not support or fund any candidates or political parties. (Embassy of the US2015) The United States funded the after revolution events worth sixty million dollars for the programs supporting the revolution. The United States supports such endeavors in the name of partnerships. Therefore, the nation is focused solely o n the immediate priorities that the Egyptians had identified including holding of free and fair elections, empowering citizens to play a role in their country’s future and the protection and expansion of the universal rights. Moreover, the United States sought to expand in the civil society and the building democratic institutions that are transparent and accountable. The main agenda of the United States is to provide the support of the independent Egypt that represent the rights and the interests of the people. Nevertheless, are the good will intentions of the super power possible to relegate the democratic revolutions of the nation? Are the actions of the United States credible with the medieval factors that still govern the society such as religion and culture? There have been former studies conducted by political scientists on the success of such western countries in forging for the move to democracy in Arabian countries. Among them is Putnam whose main life’s work is to address the issue in the Middle East. Putnam’s view on Democracy and the Arab nations Putnam is a political scientist whose main interests were on the ideology of democracy and revolution. He performed a study on the equality of the Arabian countries and its significance to the development of the nations. In his studies, he argues that most students of the novel democracies, which have emerged over the previous decade and beyond, have emphasized the significance of a robust and active civil society in relation to the Alliance of democracy. This is especially in relation to the post-communist nations, scholars, as well as democratic activists who have also complained about the obliteration of norms of independent civic engagement, as well as a broad tendency toward reflexive reliance on the state. He purports that for the people who are concerned about civil societies’ weakness, within the post-communist and developing world, the developed Western democracies and particularly the UDS have generally been considered as models to be emulated. Nevertheless, over the previous several decades, it has emerged that the vibrancy associated with the American Civil society has declined. (Shafick2013) It is clear that democracy will never work in Egypt because of many reasons. The situation in the Middle East is now more dangerous and chaotic as compared to how it was years ago. The enthusiasm that was linked to yesteryear has now proved to be entirely misguided. Moreover, it has contributed to the chaos is Egypt, as well as anarchy in Libya. The people who are interested in being on the appropriate side of history, realize that they are on the erroneous face as far as the argument is concerned. This means that democracy is precisely not the solution for societies that are extremely involved and the fact that the Western keeps on meddling. That only makes matters immensely worse. The main arguments that democracy as it is understood simply cannot work within the Middle East nations where tribe, family, sect and personal friendships outplay the device of the state. Democracy cannot work in Egypt because all the Middle East nations have proved beyond reasonable doubt that they are s ocieties, which can never be controlled by the decree of law. Thus, some scholars have defined them as â€Å"favor for favor† cultures. This suggests that in Egypt what usually happens that whenever individuals face particular problems, they often seek help from relatives or people of their own tribe or who live within the same locality as them. Furthermore, such requests of seeking assistance are rarely refused because those people tend to have very strong ties. Moreover, in states where social security is ineffective, people’s future security only depends on the usual extensive family. Democracy will remain to be a dream in Egypt because is that state behind the chaotic structure lies the secret police, as well as the armed forces. They are known to hold the nation together under the protection of the president who rules. The leader maintains the various elements of society whole holding concessions to every group, but the leaders also possess authority,which can be exercised in relation to how the public can understand. Democracy has also failed to work in Middle East countries such as Egypt because the West has abjectly failed in understanding the inner workings of such nations, and that has brought about some disastrous impacts. Iraq can be used as a classic example. For instance, the invasion that occurred in Iraq only made matters worse in spite of the negative e deeds of Saddam. The fact that the US invaded that nation, the stability of the Gulf was destroyed, and it was an enormous impact since the Gulf had since 1979, depended on a tripod consisting of Iraq , Iran, and Saudi Arabia. Consequently, the Iranians now have the ability to govern the Gulf region. (Orttung Walker 2012) The term democracy can be defined as the system of governance where the people vote for their representatives in direct democracy or indirect democracy. It is explained that he Islamic culture is in line with the term democratic. Nonetheless, how is democratic if a large portion of the world’s political system is in opposition to the Islamic culture and laws? First, the law and the culture do not permit commoners or people of lower classes to hold any political positions in the government or any other post? Islamists argue that the parliamentary democracy and representative elections are not only compatible with the Islamic law, but it also encourages freedom. It is mostly done in two ways: either they twist the definitions to suit the apparatus of the Islamic governance such as the term democracy or they bend the reality of life in Muslim countries to f it their theories. (Amid2015) It is arguable that the term democracy has a myriad of meanings and a variety at that. Every culture molds its own democratic government and, therefore, a religious freedom can ensue. There is the argument that Islamic movements have internalized the democratic discourse through the concepts of shura –consultation- and ijma-consensus-. It is, therefore, implied that the ideology of democracy already exists in the Muslim nations. It is consequently, reaffirmed through the minority revolutions where the move to overthrow the Egyptian president was due to his dictatorial leadership and not due to westernization. The strong argument will be that he other Arabian nations that still follow the Islamic laws will not let the influence of the Western world become apparent. In addition, how will democracy be reached if issues such as women rights and freedom are far from being realized? Years and years of protests in the western world on the stringent Muslim laws and the forceful submission of the woman on the expense of the male superiority and liberties have been practiced. If the argument that the Arab nations are democratic, then the struggle and the support that the United States is offering is a waste of tax payers money at the expense of ‘democratization’ in Egypt. The idea of Islamic democracy in the relativism theory on Islamic culture and religion is accommodated in the Arab nations whose sole purpose is to avoid westernization. However, the ideology is not complete but the struggle by America is accommodative as well since change is a gradual process. Hence, the cultural aspect of the Islamic nations will be a barrier to the democratic revolution of the Islamic nations. (Zunes2011) Freedom of speech and the media Conversely, the media channels were at the forefront of the struggle for the democracy in the Arabian country. It was a breakthrough for the Egyptian country with the reports from the neighboring countries’ revolution and Libya’s anarchy. It brought about the wave of riot, and the military used the media primarily to enforce revolutions. From bloggers to media personalities the country was manipulated by the military to engage in the violent engagements around the country and mostly in the capital city, Cairo. The effect of the social media has deepened the imprint on the Egyptian society and politics despite the fact that most bloggers and media officials suffer from the freedom to air information on the country’s current issues. (Clay, 2011) Three years along the procession, there are still revolutions on the freedom of speech in the media docket. In February 2011, the highest commission of the Armed military directed a harsh order to the civil society routinel y portraying the democracy activists as foreign-backed troublemakers. It had also restricted the discussion of assorted views on the news along with analysis programs, and more generally blocked the pathway for improvement in key areas of the media division. In the mass to the centennial of Mubarak’s acquiescence, state media have presaged activists against insulting steps while asserting that the military would provide to protect the state. A recent example of this backsliding is the creation of the so-called National Military Media Committee, a body of eleven generals that will be accountable for as long as information about the martial to journalists and offsetting what it considers â€Å"biased coverage.† (El-Sherif2014) Such retrospective actions have been all the more unsatisfactory given the ciphers early last year that real development ought to be in the offing. Among the first steps in use after Mubarak’s upheaval was the abolition of the point of information executive official on February 22nd, 2011. The move made Egypt become one of the three nations in the Middle East and North Africa, together with Qatar and Lebanon that became short of an information official, a post that is characteristically associate d with restriction and cant. In July, though, the position was restored, and all through the subsequent half of 2011, the taboo on the debate of individual subject was reestablished in state media. At least five national televisions plus radio presenters have been taken off the air or confronted with prosecution difficult for the limits of permitted speech. Therefore, the issue of the democratic revolution of the state will be hindered with the military governance that seeks to guide the move of the nation to the next step. In addition, it is clear why the military and the country at whole are in retaliation to the revolutionary democratic move. The incidences where their fellow citizens have been mistreated and live cruelly in the western worlds. For instance after the terrorist attacks in the United States and the United Kingdom in London would soon prove to be difficult for the Democratic support to be futile. Americans and the Europeans were upset after the twin attacks in both continents with sentiments towards the attackers mostly being Arabians and Muslims origins discriminating those living in the areas. Therefore, the struggle by the United States to support the countr y especially will be futile with recognition by the citizens in this country being affected with the awful comments from the nations. It will, therefore, be difficult to endorse the democratic movement if such wounds are still new in the wits of the populace of the Islamic countries considering that the effect is still felt to date. â€Å"The Youth of January 25. In the wake of the revolution, the youth was at the forefront of the struggle of the democratic incidences. However, since the revolution culminated the youth have gone underground with no intentions of surfacing to enable the revolution. In fact, the crisis is not the standard radical problem of influential running out of steam. If something, the exact conflicting has happened: they had too much steam that has reserved them operating around in circles. That they were authentically stunned to observe the degree of the democratic system breakdown rising in the years after Mubarak’s subtraction is no news: it is gener ally familiar and acknowledged. Their mistrust of all sorts of authority, whether they are politicians, intellectual experts, or even elder people, persuaded them that they had to suspend onto their grounds of Utopian revolt, and not pay attention to the warning voices of unattractive understanding. Except these childlike leaders were thunderstruck on the several junctures when they instituted themselves on behalf of a losing preponderance in the face of a prearranged alternative. It is argued that the youth in Egypt have less to look forward to in terms of democracy if there is any hope of the western world. The ideology of the unstructured government is among the issues that will lead to the democratic movement’s culmination. The military is independent of other institutions of the government that enabled it to act solely without the remission of the other institutions. Moreover, the parliamentary community and the government operate differently without the involvement of the other subsidiary meaning there is no constitutional application for the transition of power if there is no president. Hence, it was able for the military to succeed the former President Hosni Mubarak. In addition, the division of the diverse political groups may be the reason why the devolvement of the political system will not digress to the democratic revolution. The Muslim Brotherhood is among the groups that constitute for the remission of the ruling ‘government’ in democratic ways of governance. The reason is because the ideology on the former management system was not efficient then and would never be efficient in the new Egypt. Egypt is becoming increasingly ungovernable. (Fadel2014) The realm cannot change its re asserted supremacy into legality, and as intrastate rivalry and unruly complaint political affairs overwhelm the following arena, the nation faces a political void with no clear resolution. Egypt desires an absolute reinvention of its biased sphere. In spite of the development of a controversial public liberty since 2011, Egypt still requires a proficient political division, without which it will be powerless to deal with entrenched institutional obstructions to democracy. The alliance that supports the July 2013 overthrow that conquered then-President Mohamed Morsi is portioning. A split is increasing amid groups that want to replicate Mubarak’s totalitarianism and those that bear a more self-governing future for Egypt. No one collection has monopolized the debate. List of references David bulky â€Å"can there be an Islamic democracy?† (2007) pp71-79 the Middle East Quarterly http://www.meforum.org/1680/can-there-be-an-islamic-democracy Embassy of the US â€Å"supporting Egypt’s Democratic transition† (2015) http://egypt.usembassy.gov/democracy.html S tephen zunes â€Å"Egypt’s pre-democratic movement: the struggle continues† (2011) open democracy https://www.opendemocracy.net/stephen-zunes/egypt’s-pro-democracy-movement-struggle-continues Christopher Walker Robert Orttung â€Å"For Egypt’s State media, the Revolution has yet to arrive† (2012) https://freedomhouse.org/blog/egypt’s-state-media-revolution-has-yet-arrive#.VUoMx5MYF_M Hesham shafick :Egypt’s January 25 revolutionary youth: where have they gone† (2013). https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/hesham-shafick/egypt’s-january-25-revolutionary-youth-where-have-they-gone Rebecca A. Clay â€Å"Muslims in America post 9/11† American Psychology Association (2011) vol 42 no.8 pp 72. http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/09/muslims.aspx Ashraf El-Sherif â€Å"Egypt’s post-Mubarak Predicament† (2014) http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/01/29/egypt-s-post-mubarak-predicament Shadi Hamid â€Å"The struggle for Middle East Democracy† the American University in Cairo (2015) http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=20 Mohammed Fadel â€Å"what killed the Egyptian democracy† (2014) http://bostonreview.net/forum/mohammad-fadel-what-killed-egyptian-democracy

Critique of The Darling Essay -- essays research papers

For centuries, women have turned and have entrusted in men for advice to fulfill their lives with romance. Some women, even though they had difficulty establishing a satisfactory bond with their spouse, still had a tendency to have a dependency on the male spouse for identity. For a woman to become a "wife" was a defining role in women's lives back then, especially within the eastern European cultures. Sadly, marriage is not always shown to be flowery and romantic as expected. Although Anton Chekov portrays his protagonist character Olga as kind hearted and attractive and favored, she often longs for â€Å"love† from the male gender, and serves as the embodiment of female disempowerment. From Olga’s perspective as the story is told, â€Å"she cannot exist without being love† (Literature and its Writers, 109) and her life only takes on a meaning through a relationship to the men she attaches herself to. In this story â€Å"The Darling,† Olga explores and molds herself into many personalities and interests of the men in her life. For instance, After her father’s death, Olga is left with only material wealth, and again there is an absence of â€Å"love,† that Olga wants. So, Olga first marries a theater owner-Kukin. When married to him, she thinks and speaks only of the theater and â€Å"repeating Kukin’s words to the actors and theater† (Literature and its Writers, 110) also saying â€Å"theater is the most important thing in life.† Her parroting of her husband’s wo...

Lab: the Bacteria Around You

Lab: The Bacteria Around You James Brunet Ms Owen October 14th, 2012 Part 1 Purpose To culture and observe the various types of bacteria found around Canterbury High School. Materials and Methods Refer to pages 422-425 of Biology 11 McGraw-Hill Ryerson and the handout â€Å"Gram Staining Procedure†. Observations Table 1: Locations of Bacteria Samples Quadrant| Location of Sample Obtained| 1| Floor| 2| Water fountain head| 3| Auditorium Chair| 4| Inside of Boys’ Bathroom Door Handle|Table 2: Growth of Bacteria from Various Locations Around CHS after 48h in Incubator Quadrant| Total Number of Colonies| Description of Colonies| Number of Colonies| 1| 1| Irregular, flat, and lobate. Occupies entire quadrant. | 1 | 2| About 8| Milky-white coloured, punctiform, and entire. | 6| | | Milky-white coloured, punctiform, and curled. | 2| 3| 10| Milky, punctiform, and entire. | 8| | | Yellow, punctiform, and entire. | 2| 4| 8| Milky, irregular, lobate, and raised. | 1| | | Milky, pu nctiform, and entire. | 4| | Milky, punctiform, and curled. | 2| | | Clear, flat, circular, and undulate. | 1| Discussion What areas around the school appeared to have the most bacteria? The least? Suggest reasons for these findings. The area around the school that appeared to have the most bacteria was the inside of the boy’s bathroom door handle. Not only did it have the most diverse range of bacteria (four different types), it also had the 2nd highest number of colonies! The area around the school with the least bacteria was, in my opinion, the floor.Although the single colony there grew very large, this was probably due to lack of competition, as there were no other colonies present. This seems to indicate that there is actually less diversity of bacteria on the floor than on a door handle. I think that the door handle appears to have more bacteria for two main reasons. Firstly, the door handle is gripped by students exiting the bathroom. Some of these students may not ha ve washed their hands, leading to bacteria being transferred from person to handle constantly. Secondly, these handles are rarely, if ever cleaned, while the floors are cleaned on a daily basis.Describe the conditions necessary for bacterial growth. Bacteria need food, moisture, warmth, and time to grow. The agar plate provides the food and some moisture, the incubator provides growth, and if it is an expensive unit, moisture as well, and you as the student provides the time. Describe two factors that may limit bacterial growth. A lack of moisture may limit bacterial growth. Instead of multiplying, the bacteria may die. As well, a less than optimal temperature may limit, and perhaps completely stop, bacterial growth.Temperatures outside of the range of 4 °C-60 °C (The bacterial â€Å"danger zone†) will stop most bacterial reproduction and kill many species of bacteria. However, some bacteria can survive with very little moisture for extended periods of time and thrive out side these temperature ranges. Did this experiment have a control? If not, suggest what control you could set up and why? This experiment did not have a control. If I was to set up a control for this experiment, I would leave one of the quadrants clear of any specimen, and use it as a control quadrant.If I did that, I could tell if bacteria was already present in the agar if the control quadrant grew colonies. Discuss some aspect relating to your samples or the procedure. I would like to retest the floor sample, because the single colony left me thinking that the data was incomplete. I just don’t think there is only one type of bacteria living on the floor. I think I would like to change the procedure, as a control quadrant is vital to the integrity of the experiment! As well, I am definitely not going to open the boy’s bathroom door and then proceed to touch my eyes immediately after. ConclusionIn conclusion, the bacteria from the floor, water fountain, chair, and doo r handle flourished because of the warmth of the incubator, the food/moisture present in the agar, and the time we gave it. We identified multiple colonies of bacteria by their colours, sizes, shapes, and thicknesses, and also by staining them with Crystal Violet and Safranin. All of these things combined gave our group insight into the conditions necessary for bacterial growth, how to identify colonies, and where bacteria grow most. Part 2 Purpose To test the effectiveness of various disinfectants and antibiotics on limiting bacterial growth.Materials and Methods Refer to pages 428-429 of Biology 11 McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Observations Quadrant| Type of antibiotic/disinfectant| Size of zone of inhibition| 1| Soap| Huge zone-extends into quadrant 3. | 2| Organic disinfectant| Midsize zone| 3| Bleach+Comet| None| 4| Hand sanitizer| None| Discussion How was the effectiveness of each antibiotic/disinfectant measured? The effectiveness of each antibiotic/disinfectant was measured by lookin g at the zone of inhibition, the size of the area immediately surrounding the antibiotic that is colony-free.Which inhibitor was the most effective? Explain. The soap was by far the most effective inhibitor. Its zone of inhibition extended so far that it even reached into a neighbouring quadrant! This means that the soap was extremely effective at stopping bacterial growth. Rank the inhibitors you used by their effectiveness. Explain your reasoning. I found soap to be the most effective inhibitor, and the organic disinfectant to be the second most effective inhibitor, with respect to their zones of inhibition.I ranked hand sanitizer and bleach+comet as a tie for last place, because they did literally nothing to stop the growth of bacteria. I ranked these inhibitors in this order because I believe that effectiveness can easily be measured by the size of the zone of inhibition. Why is it important for a physician to know the exact identity of the bacteria involved in an infection? It is important for a physician to know the exact identity of the bacteria involved in an infection because different inhibitors work for different bacteria.If the physician incorrectly identified the bacteria, his prescribed antibiotics may do nothing against the bacterial infection, and the patient’s sickness would actually worsen. This is easily shown by our zone of inhibition experiment, where of the four chosen antibiotics, two of them did absolutely nothing against the bacteria. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to know how to both identify bacteria using morphological clues as well as it is important to know how to treat said bacteria. Not all bacteria are the same, and not all antibiotics are on the same footing either.

The 10 Most Bizarre Easter Traditions

The 10 Most Bizarre Easter Traditions Whips, water, and fire – not exactly the things you might think of when you think of Easter traditions. In a few days, the U.S. will be filled with children dyeing eggs, eating chocolate bunnies, and making trails out of jellybeans. Still, Easter is one of the few holidays that is celebrated worldwide. Because of this, there are some very unique ways of celebrating Easter that may shock you. 1. Knock-knock, Who’s There? Louisiana Egg Knocking Even though it’s a part of the U.S., parts of Louisiana are more foreign that countries outside of our borders. In some of the deepest parts of the bayou, Easter celebrations begin with an egg-knocking ceremony. Teams of competitors tie their eggs with strings and knock them together. The person whose egg cracks first loses, and the game is played until there is an â€Å"Egg King.† 2. Go Fly A Kite In Bermuda, the weeks leading up to Easter are marked by building kites which are only flown on Easter Day. These kites are made of anything that local kite-makers can find, from crates to ties and old clothing. One of the most important elements of the Bermuda Easter kites is the â€Å"hummer,† which makes a loud buzzing sound when the kite is in flight. 3. Whips and Water? In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, whipping and water are just normal parts of the Easter festivities. On the Monday after Easter, men craft colorful whips from Willow branches and give the women in their lives playful lashes. The whipping is supposed to keep women beautiful and fertile for another year, and also acts as a flirtation device. But, the women aren’t without recourse. The next day, they retaliate by throwing water on the heads of their attackers. 4. A Fair Egg Exchange In places where Hungarian is spoken (Translyvania, Southern Slovakia, and parts of Serbia), there is also a tradition of pouring water. In these countries, the day after Easter is called â€Å"Watering Monday.† Men will traditionally visit families with women and girls and sprinkle them with perfume in exchange for the Easter eggs. 5. Trick or Easter In Finland and Sweden, the one tradition most Americans think of as Halloween-ish are celebrated at Easter. Children in these countries often carry pussy willows on Palm Sunday instead of palms. Then, the day after Easter, they decorate the pussy willows in colorful paint and knock on doors. The community gives children candy in exchange for the beautiful decorations. 6. Light it Up In a number of countries, Easter is celebrated by huge bonfires. Often, children (especially teenage boys) run through town gathering any scrapwood that they can find. These fires act as a competition, with the boy who has the largest fire as the winner. In Italy, the Scoppio del carro lights a fire from shards from the Holy Sepulchre which in turn sets off a huge fireworks display. 7. Rollin’, Rollin’, Rollin’ In England, Ireland, and Scotland, children participate in egg rolling as a part of their Easter fun. The goal is to roll an egg the farthest which makes the owner of the egg the Easter victor. There is also a superstition that eggs that don’t make it down the hill intact must be crushed completely, or the egg may be used by witches to do evil magic. 8. Pace Egg Plays Although this particular tradition fell out of style for a while, in recent years the Pace Egg Plays have become a fun part of Easter for many English, Irish, and Scots. These plays date back to the Crusades and revolve around the fictitious antics of St. George and a troublemaker named Old Tosspot. Watchers are encouraged to give Easter eggs to the two characters in exchange to see their traveling show. 9. A Man-Made Holiday In Russia, men aren’t allowed to cook, clean, or otherwise work on Easter. In fact, there is a tradition that says men shouldn’t even be allowed in the kitchen at all. If a man does, it’s said that his beard and moustache will immediately turn grey and he will age before his time. 10. Egg-Zellent In Bessieres, France, there is a tradition of feeding the whole town with a single omelet. According to legend, Napoleon stopped in the little village one night and ordered and omelet. He was so pleased with his meal that he asked all the villagers to bring their eggs so that the chef could create a meal for the whole town. Now, the feast is made from 15,000 eggs and 25,000 kilos of oil each year. Easter doesnt seem so boring now, right? This year you can try something new, celebrating Easter abroad or at least trying the weird Easter traditions with your friends in US. Have the Happy Easter, and tell us your stories!

Gulf Oil Spill Essay Example

Gulf Oil Spill Essay Example Gulf Oil Spill Essay Gulf Oil Spill Essay Seunghwan Lee Professor Poe En 102 11/08/2010 Causes and Effects of Gulf Oil Disaster As the situation of environment is becoming worse than ever these days, the explosion of Deepwater Horizon ship has been making things the worst with the enormous damages since this incident happened on April 20th 2010. This disastrous accident happened under the 2nd biggest oil company BP’s poor responsibility. According to this accident, about 30 laborers died or got deadly hurt then the ship started to sink down couple days after the exploding. As an unofficial said that it was spilling out 35,000 to 60,000 gallons of oil for a day from the borehole in deep sea. (â€Å"Oil estimate raised to 35,000-60,000 barrels a day†) In fact, however, it was hard to estimate how speedy the oil was spilling since it started to spill out from too deep. This problem brought controversy nowadays since the police were not even sure how big this trouble was. This disaster is still causing the end of marine animals, fishing industries, tourism and even wild animals’ place to live by marine pollutions. Although the situation is not easy to bear, if people know what exact causes and effects of this accident, there must be the way to be closed for solution. The BP’s efforts to resolve is not actually seemed that it’s able to cover the seriousness of this accident any soon since it’s like uncountable costs would be charged to clean up the oil and restore the damage. Furthermore, some experts predict that more than 100 years will be needed to make it up. However, these days, BP is putting efforts to burn up the oil on the sea. That indicates they try to cover their fault step by step. Figure 1. : This is how the BP is burning up the oil which is flowing on the sea. now all holes are blocked but 560millions of oil already spilled out (Bourne). Nevertheless the BP’s efforts, there still are many reasons that lead this problem stuck. One case of it is the â€Å"Not Me† Blame-shifting between BP and Halliburton. Since BP is claiming that what Halliburton did was too unstable and Halliburton is claiming that they have tested enough times to make sure that it is safe, both companies are teasing themselves to shift the responsibilities to each other without knowing that it makes the progress of resolving slower than they planned. Halliburton is an oil company that has failed few times to block the holes with cement then it caused more spilled oil than BP expected. After all, BP became to be responsible for the most of cleaning up cost under the law. Also some contractors had to face the rest of costs; those contractors include Transocean, the rigs operator; Halliburton, the company responsible for cementing the well; and Cameron International, the maker of the blowout preventer, a device designed to shut off a well. Krauss and Elisabeth) (â€Å"The Latest Gulf Outrage†) Although many people cancelled their vacations due to the spill, hotels close to the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama reported dramatic increases in business during the first half of May 2010. However, the increase was likely due to the influx of people who had come to work with oil removal efforts. Jim Hutchinson, assistant secretary for the Louisiana Office of Tourism, called the occupancy numbers misleading, but not surpr ising. Because of the oil slick, the hotels are completely full of people dealing with that problem, he said. Then added Theyre certainly not coming here as tourists. People arent sport fishing, they arent buying fuel at the marinas, and they arent staying at the little hotels on the coast and eating at the restaurants. (Reed) As it sounds like, this disaster took the beauty of nature which helps people to rest. It is also caused of health consequences. As of May 29, ten oil spill clean-up workers had been admitted to West Jefferson Medical Center in Marrero, Louisiana. Two of the cleanup workers had to have hard time suffering from symptoms of dehydration. At a press briefing about the May 26 medical evacuation of seven crewmembers from Vessels of Opportunity working in the Breton Sound area, Coast Guard Captain Meredith Austin, Unified Command Deputy Incident Commander in Houma, LA, said that air monitoring done in advance of beginning work showed no volatile organic compounds above limits of concern. No respiratory protection was issued, Austin said because air ratings were taken and there were no values found to be at an unsafe level, prior to us sending them in there. (Elizabeth) Figure 2. This is the Picture of damaged bird which shows how serious the situation is (Witt). The Political Buzz Examiner Ryan Witt reports that even though 70% of spilled oil has burned, the remaining 30% of oil left on the sea still 5 times larger than the last biggest oil spill Exxon Valdez. As the picture shows that what the animals go through is not any kind of game for the companies that are responsible on it. No one can even sure that how hugely people have been destroying the environment according to Witt’s comment of â€Å"There may be much less environmental damage that was previously anticipated, or there may be much more, that we simply do not know yet. All the scientists agree that more studies and research will have to be done to see what the long-term environmental impacts of the spill are. † (Witt) Same happens for the fishes. For instance, six months into the BP oil spill, satellite data from the European Space Agency says that 20 percent of juvenile bluefin tuna have been killed by BP’s oil spill and more than half of blue fin tuna is died by the sea pollution in the past 30 years. Blue fin tuna has been banned fishing since it has been declining too much but this once people’s mistake reduced the 20% of valuable lives. This can be described as tragedy. Including oiled blue fin tuna, for polluted fishing industry harm estimated cost about $2. 5 billion. McDermott) BP has done unforgivable tragedy way too far. No matter how hard they try to clean the ocean up, it’s mostly like impossible to make things right at this point. In the other word, BP has become a terrible murderer that killed uncountable lives and environments. Unfortunately, furthermore, they were harmed more than ever by themselves either. There actually is no way to fix this situation up. However, to think positively, if they turn their mind as it was big lesson to not make the same happen again, it could be the big opportunity to step up. It might be too cruel to give the BP lessons from this incident but, no matter how huge the fault is, it’s always better to get a moral after the error. â€Å"Oil estimate raised to 35,000-60,000 barrels a day† CNN 16 June. 2010. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. Bourne, Joel K. Jr. †Is Another Deepwater Disaster Inevitable? † National Geographic, Oct. 2010. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. The Latest Gulf Outrage. New York Times 29 Oct. 2010: A30(L). The New York Times. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. Reed, Travis. Spill hasnt yet emptied hotels on Gulf Coast. The Sun News. Associated Press. 5 May. 2010. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. Elizabeth, Grossman. BP Lies about Air Toxicity as Gulf Workers Are Hospitalized. The Faster Times. 1 June. 2010. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. Witt, Ryan. â€Å"NOAA Report on Gulf Oil Spill Draws Criticism for Many Assumptions. † Examiner. com. 5 Oct. 2010. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. McDermott, Matthew. â€Å"One-Fifth Of Juvenile Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Killed by BP Oil Spill† Treehugger. 20 Oct. 2010. Web. 8 Nov. 2010 Krauss, Clifford, and Elisabeth, Rosenthal. The price and who pays: updates from the Gulf. New York Times 13 May 2010: A18(L). The New York Times. Web. 8 Nov. 2010.

DiaoYu Islands Problems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DiaoYu Islands Problems - Research Paper Example Japanese regime despite numerous negotiations, which China has initiated to resolve the wrangle amicably and effectively, it has disregarded these efforts (Xinhua, 2012a). Hence, resulting in other ways meant to trigger more conflicts by being uncooperative and not adhering to the already established treaties. Primarily, this is evident from the Japanese regime deploying patrol boats in the waters close to the islands and interfering with fishing activities in the area (Hui & Dan, 2010). This is regardless of the clear prove evident from the numerous regions having Chinese names both near and in the Islands; hence implying the islands did not belong to them as they are currently claiming. Japan’s interfering has somehow affected economic activities that ought to have started in the area beside fishing (Lee, 2011). For instance, petroleum exploits, which according to some studies the area seems to have underground reserves lying idle. In addition, this unjustified wrangle fuele d by Japan with the aid of US behind the scenes has interfered with the necessary cohesion amid the two states (Xinhua, 2012b). Chinese after realizing Japan is not ready for peaceful negotiations; recently has started declining to import merchandise from them, hence weakening the then strong trade ties (Hui & Dan, 2010). Judging from my opinion, the inception of DiaoYu Islands has led to the weakening of Japan-China trade ties (Xinhua, 2012). Mainly, this is evident from the recent Chinese’ demonstrations where they boycotted using Japanese products citing their trading partner’s malicious decision to purchase DiaoYu Islands (Zhongqi, 2007). Consequently, yielding to the decline of exports to China, this acts as the Japanese greatest exporting destinations besides EU, US and the ASEAN (Xinhua, 2012).  

Implications of Naval Power in the American Civil War Essay

Implications of Naval Power in the American Civil War - Essay Example It was one of the most dramatically one sided battles in Naval history on that day in March, 1862 – when the CSS Virginia defeated two federal warships, the Congress and Cumberland. The battle yielded the destruction of both ships and the deaths of at least 240 of their crew, making headway towards breaking the Union blockade of the lower Chesapeake bay. This victory over the blockade would yield any number of consequences for the war, upon which the fortunes of the slaveholding Confederacy Would rise or fall. An evacuation took place on April 20, 1861 of the Naval yards at Gosport, Virginia. The Merrimac and the Pennsylvania launched a barrage against the port with heavy batteries in addition to Marines units. The United States Navy was attempting to abandon port, within hostile Virginia even as the Confederates attempted to obstruct the channel to blockade them. The Merrimac this time being a mere wooden hulled ship as navies have used since time immemorial. The Confederates succeeded in destroying or damaging the Pennsylvania, the Delaware, the Columbus, the Columbia, the Raritan, three sloops of war, while the steam frigate Merrimac was scuttled and burned. Yet almost immediately steps were taken to raise the Merrimac and convert it into an ironclad vessel as the Confederate secretary of the Navy recommended in a letter in which he described the creation of such a vessel as "a matter of the first necessity."2 The ship was raised, and what had once been her berth deck became a gun deck, with a wooden encasement of oak and pine 2 feet thick was built first. A 20 foot wide ruled was covered with iron gratings to create four hatch ways. This wooden encasement was used as the foundation for two sheathes of iron plating 2 inches thick each. The resulting ship floated very low in the water with the 800 tons of pig iron used in total to get the ship the weight needed to allow a vessel to rest at the desired depth. The metal behemoth lay mostl y under the water line and looked perhaps not unlike the roof of a house-boat. 10 guns, including four rifles as well as 6 inchers. The engines, being essentially the same design as the steam frigate have used prior tended to be dangerous and unreliable with the new configuration but initially performed quite well before several failures. 2 SCOPE OF THE WAR On 9 March, the situation was destined to become far more complicated, as the Confederate crew observed a vessel remarkably heavy, floating low within the waters. It had to be the USS Monitor, the North's answer to the challenge of an ironclad ship, soon to render every other Naval force on the planet obsolete. The first battle began with the objective of the defense of the grounded steam frigate the Minnesota, but the implications were far greater than the fate of a single steamship. It would spark a naval arms/armor race that would reach well into the 20th century. There were more Naval actions between the years of 1861 and 186 5 on the North American Continent than the rest of the world combined throughout the 19th century. Actions ranged from the Bering Sea to the Indian Ocean, including skirmishes in the English channel, and numerous actions up and down the American coastlines and rivers, 3 including a violent naval raid in Oklahoma, as will be described below. It was the definitive, technical innovations that might be labeled 'secret weapons' that spurred the armaments that would later define the first world war. Various other aquatic contrivances besides ironclad ships had their first expression during this conflict, including submarines and torpedoes. 4, 5 The monitor itself was the New York brainchild of Swedish engineer John Ericsson. The first of many in her ship class. However it should be noted that Congress ordered an investigation on the possibility of ironclad warships in July of 1861 when it became clear that a massive struggle had begun, not simply the 'peace in 60 days' naive optimism some officials had promulgated. It was believed in most circles of military intelligence that the

Create your own assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Create your own assignment - Essay Example Use of their way of life (culture) and gender helps to give a reader an overview of traditional Igbo life and folkways that are seldom differentiated in European novels about Africa. Igbo society was a communitarian rather than individualistic tribe and its rituals and festivals were a means of fostering that community life.One of the Igbo cultures was the division between what is feminine and masculine varying from chores to crime. There were female crimes, those committed inadvertently, and there were male crimes. For example, Okonkwo’s killing of Ezeudu’s son as a result of an accidental gunshot was considered a female crime that was punishable by seven years of exile in his motherhood. If he had committed a male crime, Okonkwo’s punishment would have been permanent exile or death by hanging. The society of the Igbo was dominated by men that symbolizing power and control in the society. For example, due to their power and control, men were allowed to have multiple wives as one sign of maintaining status in the clan. The more the women a man had, the higher the rank he was placed in the society. Additionally, women were required to live st rictly according to Igbo customs. They were characterized by generosity and supportive of each other and each other’s children. It was also their culture that leadership was to be exclusively dominated by men while the women were supposed to be obedient to every man not only her husband. This expresses inferiority of women in the society as there were just there to follow orders from men without questioning. Igbo people were strongly bonded to their culture to an extent that even the arrival of the missionaries, they did not want to abandon their culture for the white man’s culture. The men were there to be first rebellious of the white man’s culture that claimed equality between man and woman, but the man was very stubborn

Filipino Basketball Player Essay Example for Free

Filipino Basketball Player Essay Allan Caidic Alan Vito Flores Caidic (born June 15, 1963, Pasig City, Philippines) is a retired professional basketball player from the Philippines and is currently an assistant coach of the Barangay Ginebra Kings in the PBA. He is considered by many to be the greatest shooter the country has ever produced, thus, earning the moniker the Triggerman . He played college hoops at the University before joining the Philippine Basketball Association in 1987, where he broke several Philippine and PBA all-time records—including the most points scored in a single game (79 points), the most three-point field goals made in a single game (17 triples; breaking his previous record of 15 triples), the most three-point field goals in a career (1,242 triples) and the most consecutive free throws in a row (76). He has played with several PBA teams and won numerous championships. He played for the team including the 1998 Philippine Centennial Team. While in the league, he was considered one of the best three-point shooters in Asia. The vaunted Chinese national basketball team recognized his ability by always reminding their players to be on the lookout for Philippine No. 8, referring to Caidics regular jersey number while playing for the National Team. Renz Patrick T. Narag Grade V- ST Joseph James Yap, Sr. James Carlos Agravante Yap, Sr. (born February 15, 1982 in Escalante City, Negros Occidental) is a Filipino professional basketball player for the San Mig Coffee Mixers in the Philippine Basketball Association. Yap enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Bacolod Tay Tung High School and then at Iloilo Central Commercial High School, where he sparked his team to three consecutive Iloilo PRISAA titles. He then went on to play at the collegiate level for the UE Red Warriors and helped the team to the Final Four in 2002 after years of absence. However, the Red Warriors lost to the Blue Eagles, the eventual champions. In the following season of UAAP, Yap led the Red Warriors to the Final Four for the second straight time. Eventually in the semifinals series, the Warriors lost to the Far Eastern  UniversityTamaraws. Nevertheless, Yap was named as the Most Valuable Player in 2003. Yap also played for the Philippine Basketball League from 2001 to 2004. He decided to declare his eligibility for the PBA Draft, and was selected with the 2nd overall pick in the 2004 PBA Draft by the Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants. One of the focal points of the Purefoods offense, he is the 2005–2006 and 2009–2010 seasons Most Valuable Player and he is also 2009–2010 Philippine Cup Conference MVP. Yap is also a nine-time PBA South All-Star team starter through 2004 to 2012 and a many-time member of theRP Basketball Team.

College Sports - Women in Sports and Title IX Essay -- Argumentative P

Women in Sports and Title IX Since the 1972 conception of Title IX of the Education Amendments, the number of women participating in intercollegiate athletics has increased five-fold, from fewer than 30,000, to more 150,000 in 2001. However, more than 400 men’s athletics teams have been dismantled since Title IX, the law forbidding sex discrimination at institutions receiving federal funds, became law. Some would say this is due, in part, to Title IX enforcement standards like proportionality. Proportionality requires that an institution’s athletic population must be of an equal ratio to its general student body. Among some of the 400-plus teams dismantled by Title IX are several former Colorado State University teams including wrestling, baseball, gymnastics, men’s swimming and diving, and men’s tennis. CSU student athletes no longer sport the opportunity of participating in these activities at the NCAA Division I level, and the days of the student body rooting for their ram team s are gone, possibly forever. Now the search is on to find a solution to the problems associated with Title IX if, indeed, a solution is ultimately necessary. The debate over Title IX is a complex one, with many sides relentlessly attacking each other’s approaches regarding the law. The Title IX advocates, largely comprised of women’s organizations such as the National Women’s Law Center (NWLC), take the approach that the law is the major reason women have achieved somewhat equal opportunities in athletics. The NWLC contends that abolishing Title IX would undo years of progress so far achieved. In sharp contrast with the Title IX advocates are the Title IX opponents, who are largely comprised of the National Wrestling Coaches Association (... ...as images of the gloried days past. Works Cited Coniff, Ruth. â€Å"Title IX: Political Football.† Nation Mar. 2003: 19. Davis, Michelle R. â€Å"Title IX Panel Contemplates Easing Proportionality Test.† Education Week 11 Dec. 2002: 22. Epstein, Richard A. â€Å"Just scrap Title IX.† National Law Journal 24 (2002): 35 Gable, Dan. â€Å"What to do with Title IX.† Sporting News Feb. 2003: 7. Robinson, J., Peg Bradley-Doppes, Charles M. Neinas, John R. Thelin, Christine A. Plonsky, and Michael Messner. â€Å"Gender Equity in College Sports: 6 Views.† Chronicle of Higher Education 6 Dec 2002: B7+. Salant, Jonathan D. â€Å"NCAA president opposes changes to Title IX anti-discrimination law.† Washington Dateline 4 Mar. 2003: Sports 1. Will, George F. â€Å"A Train Wreck Called Title IX.† Newsweek 27 May 2002: 82. â€Å"Women and sports.† Christian Science Monitor Apr. 1995: 20.

Nord’s ‘Function plus Loyalty’ Concept

Ever since Post-structuralism and Reception-Aesthetics (also known as Reader Response Theory) happened questioning the very validity of fixing a text with one unitary and holistic reading, functionalist approaches to translation has been gaining ground among the translation theorists all over the world. With its roots in the ‘Skopos’ theory as proposed by Hans Vermeer, these functionalist approaches has radically shaken up the till recently unquestioned fortress of the linguistic-models of translation and has revolutionized the way translation is practiced, assessed and consumed for all times. Christine Nord with her concept of ‘Function plus Loyalty’ has contributed much to this movement modifying it at the same time in an attempt to answer the rather common criticisms of arbitrariness and mercenary approach against the functionalist model. However, a discussion of the nitty-gritty of the functionalist approach is necessary before we can proceed to discuss the effects of the introduction of the concept of ‘function plus loyalty’ into the system. The Functionalist Approach to Translation Functionalist approaches to translation as theorized by Vermeer, Schaffner and Nord, in its most outspoken form claims to ‘dethrone the ST’. In the new model of translation, the translator does not focus on words, phrases or grammatical structures etc. in an attempt to find semantically equivalent words and phrases in the TL. Instead, the text is considered as a whole. It is a communicative occurrence that has occurred in the SL. The translator’s job is to carry out the same or similar communicative occurrence in the TL. â€Å"A specific text in a specific situation and within specific cultural parameters performs a specific function. A good TT would be one which performs the same function in the target culture.† (Schaffner, 1998:3) Thus, from re-production of a text, in the functionalist model, translation has come to be considered as the production of a text following certain guidelines. A good translator, therefore, should take into account lexical, semantic, cultural, text-typological and other aspects with varying degrees of stress in each according to the theory of translation by which it is informed or according to the ‘skopos’ or ‘function’ of the translation. Function-plus-Loyalty Theory A basic description of the translation procedure as envisioned by Nord (1997 a: 126-127) would run thus: Translation is a service rendered to a client by some expert in the process, in this case the translator. The client who might be the author of the ST or a publisher or any group or agent interested in the translation approaches a specialist translator. Grasping the intentions of the client in commissioning the translation is of utmost importance for the translator, for on that brief depends the setting up of the ‘function’ of the translation. The client provides the translator with as many specific details as possible about the translation’s purpose. He briefs the translator about the addressees, time, place, preferred medium, and the general function of the translation. This translation brief provided by the client thus specifies the kind of translation expected by the client. However, the translator, who is the expert in the translation process, has a far more important role to play. Nord explains that the translator studies the brief and advices on the viability of the translation project in accordance with the brief provided by the client. The translator also has to negotiate this brief with the client. However when the final brief, the result of negotiations has been arrived at the translator must ensure that the TT is loyal to the ‘function’ set by this brief. Thus, while the translator is not bound to abide by the ‘function’ provided by the original brief by the client, s/he must never deceive his or her client as to the ‘function’ in accordance to which the translation is being done. Therefore the translator is required to be loyal to the specifications of the client without violating the original functions of the ST to any gross extent. This is what constitute Nord’s ‘function-plus-loyalty’ model. Evidently, it serves a two-fold purpose. On the one hand it retains the freedom enjoyed by the translator in the functionalist model while on the other hand it makes the translator accountable to the client as well as the user/s of the translation. Criticism of Functionalist Approach The criticisms aimed against such a ‘pragmatic’ approach to translation are rather obvious. The commonest among these are that translators translating to satisfy the needs of the clients can become ‘mercenaries’ (Schaffner, 1998: 3). It provides the translators with the authority to misinterpret or misrepresent the ST to satisfy the cultural demands from translation in that society at that particular point of time, or to abide by the guidelines set by the agency commissioning the translation etc. As Schaffner points out, critics of functionalist approaches to translation are of the opinion that the purpose (or ‘function’ in Nord’s terminology) or what the users of the translation are expecting of it or what they will do with it cannot justify the means. That in the functionalist approaches, the ST is dethroned is another major criticism. As the role of the client is exaggerated, translators tend to become ‘mercenaries’ who translate to please the readers and turn the book into a bestseller at the cost of the ST. It cannot be denied that the functionalist approaches accord a much higher position to the translator and the readers of the TT. As one of the foremost translation theorists, Schaffner words it: â€Å"Now that the functional appropriateness of the TT has become the yardstick for assessing the quality of translation, both the translators and the TT user(s) are assigned a higher status and a more influential role than is the case in more traditional approaches to translation.† (1995:3) The question, as Honig puts it, is how one can make sure that translators are not arbitrary or self-willed in deciding the ‘function’ of the translation; how one can make sure that ‘translators base their decisions for a certain translation-skopos on intersubjectively valid criteria’. However, Nord’s function-plus-loyalty concept does deal with all these criticism to some extent and provides a fit reply to some of the criticism. Nord’s Reply to Criticism It is true that according to the basic framework of the functionalist theory, as proposed by Vermeer for instance, any ‘skopos’ that will be convenient to the translator and serve his interests the best might be chosen by him or her to justify the decisions taken in the process of translation. However, the freedom enjoyed by the translator is never absolute. There are various conventions, cultural, social and political those predetermine the translation’s function on behalf of the translator. For instance, in any society at any given point of time, there are discourses present that shape what is expected of a translation and what might be accepted as a proper translation. These cultural traditions determine what degree of ‘resemblance’ that must exist between the ST and the TT for it to qualify for a proper translation. Thus we see that a functionalist in approach or not, a translator is inevitably bound to his client or the users of the translation by means of these conventions. This is where Nord’s concept of ‘loyalty’ comes in. With the concept of loyalty Nord binds the translator not only with his or her clients but also with the author of the ST. The author of the ST naturally expects the translator to function in certain ways. These are generally the conventions of translation prevalent in the Source Culture. Since, acting loyally according to Nord implies taking seriously the responsibilities that a translator has not only to his client but also to the Source Author, the translator must negotiate the function of the translation with the source author or the representatives of the same. In most cases the Source Author do not have any means of checking on the ‘loyalty’ of the translator. This is why the translator should let the Source Author as well as his clients or readers know the norms according to which the translation is being carried out. S/he will not consciously violate the norms or the ‘function’ o f the ST in the original situation without informing the Source Author. In other words: the ‘skopos’ of the TT must be compatible with the intentions of the ST author. If it is not so, the translator must be responsible enough to inform his clients accordingly. Assessing the Criticism in the New Light As Schaffner points out, the blame of being ‘mercenaries’ on the functionalist translators, often result from a misinterpretation of the word ‘function’ which is usually taken to be referring to the communicative functions of a TT in the target culture. However, as Christine Nord’s function-plus-loyalty concept ensures that the ‘function’ in functionalist approaches to translation also involves issues like ST functions such as the informative of persuasive functions of a text. Loyalty to these is also necessary to make a translation ‘functionally appropriate’. Criticism of Nord’s Views However, certain functionalist critics like Venuti and Honig are not highly supportive of Nord’s function-plus-loyalty concept as it is. For instance, Honig says, â€Å"Nord (1993:20) illustrates this with an example which seems to make loyalty a rather vague principle: no author of a best-selling novel will object to the translation becoming a bestseller, too. S/he will therefore not object to the translators-when translating the title of the book- using means which will make it appealing for the target culture readership. Loyalty, it seems, means acting in the best interest of one’s client which is more a matter of expediency than of ethical standards.† Venuti, (1995: 34) though he does not criticize Nord directly, provides yet another radical view of the process of translation. He severely criticizes the recent Anglo-American trend of praising fluency and naturalness in a translation. He points out that this expectation of the clients for fluency in translation actually acts towards subverting the ST. While acknowledging that there is â€Å"a fundamental ethnocentric impulse in all translation† (ibid. 47), Venuti calls for the translator to make an ethical choice for â€Å"foreignizing† rather than â€Å"domesticating† translation, downgrading the importance of readability and preserving or restoring the foreignness of a ST. However, this is in effect to suggest that disregarding ‘loyalty’ to the client, the translator must stress on a specific ideology to determine the function of the translation. Assessment of Nord’s Position Thus, one might conclude that though Nord’s Function-plus-loyalty theory has not yet been able to completely resolve the problematic regarding translation fruitfully, it has surely shown a new direction of development for translation studies. As Umberto Eco points out in A Rose by Any Other Name, a translation can be basically of two types: â€Å"target-oriented† and â€Å"source-oriented†. What Nord’s theory of loyalty does is to make every party (client, users, source-author etc) involved in the process of translation know what kind of a translation is being done. Surely, Eco’s distinction of all translation into two types is rather simplistic, and as is evident from the earlier discussion, many more factors (ideological, cultural, financial etc.) are involved in the process of deciding the exact ‘function’ of the translation. Surely, there can be a great number of middle courses possible for the translator to choose from in addition to the two extreme categories. But whatever the course chosen by the translator, Nord’s theory ensures that it is clearly delineated to both the reader of the translation as well as the author of the ST. The parameters, depending on which the translator makes his or her decisions in the process of the translation no longer, remain hidden from the public or from the scholars assessing the translation. And thus, though the ‘functionalist’ translator is not completely exempted from the charge of being a ‘mercenary’ (in the sense that s/he can still choose the ‘skopos’ with financial gain in mind), s/he is at least partly exempted from the charge of being ‘arbitrary’. Whether, the translator chooses to adopt a ‘domesticating’ or ‘foreignizing’ approach is a question of ideology, aesthetics, socio-cultural expectations etc. and is negotiated openly and clearly on the table between the client, the translator and the author of the ST. But function-plus-loyalty theory ensures that whatever is the approach, it is not an arbitrary one adopted according to the whims of the translator. In the present day situation, where inter-cultural translation is becoming the lifeline for many a culture under immense pressure from forces of Anglo-American globalization, this accountability of the translator to his client, the source culture and the target audience is essential beyond any doubt. Works Cited Honig, H.J (1998). â€Å"Position, power and practice: functionalist approaches to translation quality† Christina Shaffner (Ed) (1998), Translation and quality. Clevedon: Multilingualmatters. Nord, C. (2003). Function and loyalty in Bible translation. In M. Calzada-Pà ©rez (Ed.) Apropos of ideology (pp. 89-112). Manchester: St. Jerome. Nord, C. (1991) Text Analysis in Translation. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Nord, C. (1997a). Translation as a Purposeful Activity. Manchester: St. Jerome. Nord, C. (1997b). â€Å"A functional typology of translations.† Anna Trosborg (Ed) (1997). Text typology and translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 43-66. Schaffner, Christina (1998). â€Å"From ‘good' to ‘functionally appropriate': Assessing translation quality.† Christina Shaffner (Ed) (1998), Translation and quality. Clevedon: Multilingualmatters. Vermeer, H. J. (2000). Skopos and commission in translational action (A. Chesterman, Trans.). In L. Venuti (Ed.) The translation studies reader (pp. 221-32). London: Routledge. Venuti, Lawrence. (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility, A History of Translation. London: Routledge.